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Posts
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- a16z crypto UK update
- Additional Contributions to Fairshake PAC
- Ali Yahya
- An Agenda for the Future of the Internet
- Announcing a16z crypto research
- Announcing Crypto Startup School Instructors
- Announcing the CSX 04 Cohort in San Francisco
- Announcing the CSX Fall 2024 Cohort
- Anthony Albanese: From the NYSE to Crypto
- Apply to Join the CSX 04 Cohort in San Francisco this Spring
- Arianna Simpson
- Brian Quintenz
- Brian Quintenz – a16z crypto’s New Head of Policy
- Celo
- Collin McCune
- Contributing to the Fairshake PAC
- Crypto Fund 4
- Crypto Fund II
- Crypto Fund III
- Crypto Startup Accelerator (CSX) Fall 2024 in New York City: Applications Now Open
- Crypto Startup School 2023: Recap & Resources
- Crypto Startup School Applications Now Open for Spring 2024 in London
- Crypto Startup School Back In Session: Videos Now Live
- Crypto Startup School: relaunched and expanded
- Dan Boneh
- DFINITY
- Doubling Down on Dapper Labs
- Eddy Lazzarin
- Expanding to the UK
- HACK UK: Announcing a16z’s first ever London Hackathon
- I wrote a book: Read Write Own
- Introducing a16z crypto [Fund I]
- Introducing a16z Crypto Startup School
- Introducing the Nakamoto Challenge: Addressing the Toughest Problems in Crypto
- Introducing Voices Onchain
- Investing (again) in Dynamic Labs
- Investing in Alchemy
- Investing in Aleo
- Investing in Angle
- Investing in Axie Infinity
- Investing in Azra Games
- Investing in Aztec
- Investing in Bastion
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- Investing in Catena Labs
- Investing in CCP Games
- Investing in Daylight
- Investing in Eco
- Investing in EigenLayer
- Investing in Espresso
- Investing in Forta
- Investing in Friends With Benefits (a DAO)
- Investing in Gensyn
- Investing in Goldfinch
- Investing in Halliday
- Investing in Halliday
- Investing in Helium
- Investing in Iron Fish
- Investing in LayerZero
- Investing in Legend
- Investing in Lido
- Investing in Manifold
- Investing in Matter Labs
- Investing in Mysten Labs
- Investing in Mythical Games
- Investing in Nym
- Investing in OpenSea
- Investing in Optimism
- Investing in Pimlico
- Investing in PLAI Labs
- Investing in Poseidon
- Investing in Prologue
- Investing in PROOF
- Investing in Proof of Play
- Investing in Ready Player Me
- Investing in Royal
- Investing in Seismic
- Investing in Sound.xyz
- Investing in Story
- Investing in Story Protocol
- Investing in Syndicate
- Investing in Talos
- Investing in Towns
- Investing in Universal
- Investing in Valora
- Investing in VeeFriends
- Investing in Yield Guild Games
- Jai Ramaswamy
- Jason Rosenthal
- Justin Thaler
- Libra
- Maker
- Maker Governance: Multi-Collateral Dai
- Michele Korver
- Miles Jennings
- Nassim Eddequiouaq and Riyaz Faizullabhoy
- Next Steps to Win the Future: New ideas for our web3 policy platform
- NFT Virtual Summit: The Videos
- On Crypto Governance
- Open Sourcing Our Token Delegate Program
- Our Top 5 Crypto Posts of 2019
- Partnering with Stand with Crypto to Defend Artists & Creators
- Richard Rosenblatt
- State of Crypto Report 2024: New data on swing states, stablecoins, AI, builder energy, and more
- Supporting Public Goods with Gitcoin Grants
announcements
- A Builder's Guide From Crypto Startup School
- A new financial model for app tokens: How to generate cash flows
- A Tool for Detecting Metamorphic Smart Contracts
- Accelerating the world computer: Implementing Jolt, a new state-of-the-art zkVM
- Building Cicada: Private on-chain voting using time-lock puzzles
- Building Helios: Fully trustless access to Ethereum
- Building Jolt: A fast, easy-to-use zkVM
- Building Magi: A new rollup client for Optimism
- Chain choices: or, how to decide what blockchain to build on
- Debating Blockchain Architectures (with Solana)
- Estimating the number of real crypto users
- Ethereum, Merge and Beyond
- Explore the State of Crypto 2024: new data on crypto users, builders, and technologies
- Formal verification of Pectra system contracts with Halmos
- From creative process to outcomes
- Generalized property tests for ERC4626 vaults
- Halmos v0.3.0 release highlights
- Hidden in Plain Sight: A Sneaky Solidity Implementation of a Sealed-Bid Auction
- How Tech Advances in Blockchains Benefit Other Industries
- Identifying Authentic NFTs (Especially Against Attackers)
- Inside the biggest heist
- Jolt gets a 6× speedup — and we’re just getting started
- Jolt: An update
- Lasso + Jolt: An engineering overview
- Learning from crypto’s largest heist: Breaking down the Bybit hack
- Modern invariant testing with halmos
- On Paper to On-Chain: How Auction Theory Informs Implementations
- On-Chain Trusted Setup Ceremony
- Privacy-Protecting Crypto Airdrops with Zero Knowledge Proofs
- Pro tip: Implementing stateful invariant testing with Halmos
- Programming Languages & Crypto
- Release notes: Halmos v0.1.0
- Scaling Ethereum Rollups with Helios
- Security audit secrets to success
- Smart contract design patterns
- Symbolic testing with Halmos: Leveraging existing tests for formal verification
- The NFT Mint ‘Sweet Spot’: Data on Early Decisions
- The NFT Starter Pack: Tools for Anyone to Analyze NFTs
- Theory to code: Building the breakthrough zkVM Jolt
- Through the looking glass: A cross-chain sealed-bid auction using Aztec Connect
- Token design: Mental models, capabilities, and emerging design spaces
- Understanding Dencun, the biggest upgrade to Ethereum since The Merge
- Understanding Lasso and Jolt, from theory to code
- Visualizing Lasso: A fast new lookup argument for SNARKs
- Zero Gas Wasted: Winning the IAmTheOptimizor Challenge
- Zero Knowledge Canon, part 1 & 2
- zkDocs: Zero-knowledge Information Sharing
- ‘Proof-of-Merge’ NFT to Commemorate Ethereum
code & engineering
- 10 hiring mistakes early stage founders make — and how to avoid them
- 3 mental models for crypto infrastructure
- 3 takeaways on market design for web3 builders
- 3 ways to organize decentralization in your startup
- 5 pieces on AI x crypto: What, where, how
- 5 rules for token launches
- 6 must-watch talks and takeaways for early-stage crypto startups
- 6 questions every founder should ask about pricing strategy
- 7 Sanity Checks Before Designing a Token
- A conversation with U.S. Congressman Patrick McHenry
- A Creator's Journey to Self-Sovereignty: The Why Is in the Who
- A Skeptic’s View of Crypto (2 of 3)
- A useful framework for understanding stablecoins: Banking history
- a16z Podcast: Bitcoin’s Growing Pains — and Possibilities
- a16z Podcast: From the Internet’s Past to the Future of Crypto
- a16z Podcast: The Regulatory Landscape for Crypto
- a16z Podcast: The State of the Bitcoin Ecosystem, and a Theory on Satoshi
- a16z Podcast: Which Bitcoin Players Matter?
- After the foundation era: Tokens, policy, and startup structures
- Age of Wonders: NFTs, Art, AI, Cycles of Computing
- AI and the end of apps (with NEAR)
- All about airdrops
- An Intro to Crypto: Building Blocks
- An Intro to Crypto: Building Companies, from People to Code
- An underrated strategy for founding the next breakout company
- An update on Jolt's development roadmap
- Announcing the Crypto Startup Accelerator (CSX) Spring 2024 Cohort
- Apple iCloud: Doing this 1 thing can help stop hacks
- Applications: Today & 2025
- Backing Walrus Protocol from Sui
- Best practices for corporate structures
- Beyond Cryptocurrencies
- Blockchain Networks and the Human Factor: How to Know Whether They're Accessible
- Blockchain Primitives: Cryptography and Consensus
- Blockchains for TradFi: What banks, asset managers, and fintechs should know
- Books for crypto builders and beyond (2024)
- Bridge Hack, Wallet Hack
- Building and Overcoming the Hard Things
- Building and Running a DAO: Why Governance Matters
- Building Blackbird
- Building brands for startups
- Building Companies and Developer Communities
- Building culture
- Building Dapper Labs
- Building Gensyn
- Building Optimism: A conversation with Optimism founder Jing Wang
- Building Partnerships with NFT Projects and Communities
- Building PROOF: A conversation with Kevin Rose and Chris Dixon
- Building social platforms: A conversation with Chris DeWolfe
- Building worlds, with Aku World creator Micah Johnson
- Communicating in Crypto, and Beyond
- Company Building in Crypto: A Conversation between Brian Armstrong and Chris Dixon
- Consumer products 101
- Conversation on incentives
- Crafting virtual worlds
- Creator to founder: A conversation with Greg Solano, Co-founder of Yuga Labs
- Creators, Creativity, and Technology with Bob Iger
- Crypto Business Models
- Crypto Canon
- Crypto Networks and Why They Matter
- Crypto Policy & Regulation: What's Going On?
- Crypto Regulations, Illicit Finance, Privacy and Beyond
- Crypto, the Future of Trust
- DAO governance attacks, and how to avoid them
- Debating Crypto: Katie Haun vs. Paul Krugman (3 of 3)
- Decentralization
- Decentralization for Web3 Builders: Principles, Models, How
- Decentralization is why we fight for crypto
- Decentralized Applications: What’s Now, What’s Next
- Designing beloved brands
- Designing effective governance
- Dreaming big with Protocol Labs
- Economic loops for startups
- Editorial content: Strategies and tactics
- Evaluating cross-chain messaging protocols
- FAQ: The end of the foundation era in crypto
- Financial Freedom, Company Building, More
- Finding users & building partnerships in web3
- Founder talk with Dan Romero, Co-founder & CEO of Farcaster
- Founding Stories: Anchorage
- From lifespan to healthspan
- From suitemates to web3 innovators: the journey behind Uniswap and Optimism
- Getting ready to launch a token: What you need to know
- Go-to-market in web3
- Go-to-Market in Web3: New Mindsets, Tactics, Metrics
- Go-to-market models
- Going from web 2 to web 3: 'Your take rate is my opportunity'
- Going to market with better messaging: On mission statements and more
- Governance FAQs
- Governing democracy, the internet, and boardrooms
- Hiring and retaining talent in web3
- Hiring in web3: Principles for finding talent in volatile times
- How Anatoly Yakovenko built Solana
- How Brian Armstrong built Coinbase
- How stablecoins become money: Liquidity, sovereignty, and credit
- How stablecoins will eat payments, and what happens next
- How this foodie founder is revamping restaurants
- How to Build a Better Internet: 10 Principles for World Leaders Shaping the Future of Web3
- How to build a lasting community
- How to build a social presence in web3 and beyond
- How to build an engaged web3 community
- How to build business development and growth teams
- How to build in web3: New talks from Crypto Startup School '23
- How to engage with U.S. policymakers
- How to find product-market fit: 5 strategies for web3
- How to hire and scale in web3
- How to keep your business on track for success — budgeting, tools, & frameworks
- How to keep your business on track for success: Operating plans
- How to navigate token launch risks
- How to not get hacked and other security lessons learned
- How to pick a DAO legal entity
- How to set up people operations for web3 founders
- How tokens can attract top talent: A compensation primer for web3
- Info Diet: a16z Crypto's Elena Burger
- Inside the Solana story: Near-death brushes and a need for speed (with Solana)
- Interactive Storytelling A Creator's Journey: 'Pleased 2 Meet U'
- Interactive Storytelling A Creator's Journey: 'Pleased 2 Meet U'
- Intro to intellectual property for web3
- Investing in Merit Systems
- Investing in Yupp
- Journey to jumpstart: from Meerkat to Houseparty to a crypto-native social network
- Launching and marketing your project
- Launching compliant tokens
- Layer 2, rollups, and building onchain (with Base)
- Leading through uncertainty (with Coinbase CEO)
- Let's get digi-physical: From 'tap' chips to Taylor Swift
- Lightspeed Democracy: What web3 organizations can learn from the history of governance
- Machiavelli for DAOs: designing effective decentralized governance (part 2)
- Machiavelli for DAOs: principles for fixing decentralized governance (part 1)
- Managing Distributed Workforces
- Marketing 101 for startups: Token launches, memes, reaching devs & more
- Mastering loyalty & partnerships: Tips from Mastercard’s Seb Oddo and IYK’s Austin Marchese
- Measuring SNARK performance: Frontends, backends, and the future
- Newsletter: How to build with tokens; news you can use; latest trends
- NFT Sales: Clearing the Market, Avoiding Gas Wars
- On crypto financial reporting: The Statement of Digital Assets
- On finding product-market fit... and meaning
- On Native Bitcoin Apps, Open Source Communities, and What Happened Before Satoshi Nakamoto Vanished
- On poetry and code, with AI research and language artist Sasha Stiles
- On the decentralized web and human rights around the world: 'Hacking Authenticity'
- Open sourcing the superchain (with Optimism)
- Operational guidelines for token launches, from creation to custody
- Opportunities for Crypto in Gaming
- Paying People to Participate in Governance
- Personal and physical security for founders, operators, and investors
- Planning for token launches
- Policy and regulatory considerations for web3 builders
- Porter’s Five Forces and competitive advantage in web3
- Positioning and branding in web3
- Post-quantum blockchains
- Preliminary thoughts on proxy delegation
- Preparing for the pitch
- Pricing strategy for startups
- Principles for web3 product design
- Progressive decentralization: a high-level framework
- Progressive Decentralization: A Playbook for Building Crypto Applications
- PSA: a setup for 'minimium viable security'
- Read Write Own: Table of contents
- Regulation 101
- Reinvesting in Blackbird & the launch of Blackbird Club
- Reinvesting in Phantom
- Scaling to stack
- Security best practices: the front end process
- Setting Up and Scaling a Crypto Company
- Seven canonical tokens, defined [newsletter]
- Sharing the triumphs, trials, and invaluable lessons of being a founder
- Smart Contract Security: A Simple Checklist for Web3 Development
- Snowboards, software, and scaling (with Shopify CEO)
- Social media for startup founders: A practical guide to building an online presence
- Social media secrets: How to build your presence
- Some Books We’re Reading This Summer 2022
- Some reasons to build your startup in web3
- Starting an L1 from scratch
- State of Crypto 2024, a walkthrough and a Q&A with data analyst Daren Matsuoka
- Status Traps: Learning from Web2 Social Networks
- Strategy & Operations for web3 (with Uniswap COO)
- Surviving market cycles & startup lessons for founders
- Talking trends 2025 (part 1): Stablecoins, app stores, UX, and more
- The antimemetics (and memetics) of making ideas happen -- in crypto and beyond
- The Can’t Be Evil NFT Licenses
- The Crypto Price-Innovation Cycle
- The end of the foundation era in crypto
- The five pillars of product-market fit
- The Future of Work is Not Corporate — It's DAOs and Crypto Networks
- The internet is not yet mature
- The internet treats bad business models as defects and routes around them
- The Missing Link Between Web2 and Web3: Custody
- The NFT Staircase: How digital ownership benefits brands and consumers
- The Read Write Own Manifesto
- The theory and practice of web3 auctions
- The web3 Playbook: Using token incentives to bootstrap new networks
- Token do's and don'ts
- Token rights in term sheets: How to avoid predatory deals
- Token Securities Framework and Launching a Network
- Tokencraft
- Toppling the Internet’s Accidental Monarchs: How to Design web3 Platform Governance
- Treasury Management: A Guide to Navigating Downturns
- Turning networks into economies
- Wallet Security: The ‘Non-Custodial’ Fallacy
- Web3 business strategy
- web3 go-to-market frameworks & dealmaking
- What actually happened? DC crypto news, explained [newsletter]
- What everyone gets wrong about crypto adoption
- When is decentralizing on a blockchain valuable?
- When to flip the fee switch
- Where innovation happens
- Why decentralization matters, for builders
- Why DePIN matters, and how to make it work
- Why startups should hire recruiters much sooner than they think
- Workshop on rollup sequencer economics: small group discussion
- You better have a 30-year goal (with Eigen Labs)
- Your guide to tokens: How to design, launch, structure rights, and more
- Your guide to tokens: Types, design, uses, more
- Zero knowledge made simple
- ZK and cryptography
company building
- 5 crypto issues both parties agree on
- 5 metrics to watch in 2025
- 6 myths about privacy on blockchains
- 7 things U.S. government agencies can do to help seize the web3 opportunity
- A Call to the SEC: Treat Crypto Assets as if Clients Matter
- A Green Beret’s Journey to Blockchain and Crypto
- A long-term view of crypto policy
- A new (digital) age at the SEC
- A new mining tax on crypto?
- A safe harbor for software: Why the SEC should clarify broker rules for blockchain apps
- a16z Comment Letter on Requirements for Certain Transactions Involving Convertible Virtual Currency or Digital Assets
- a16z Comment Letter on the SEC’s Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Regarding the Statutory Definitions of Dealer
- a16z Comment Letter to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
- a16z Comment Letter to the Department of the Treasury and IRS regarding the Proposed Digital Asset Broker Reporting Requirements
- a16z Crypto Amicus Brief in the Florida Tornado Cash Lawsuit
- a16z crypto's Comment Office of Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes on Ensuring Responsible Development of Digital Assets (11.03.22)
- a16z crypto's Comment to Commodity Futures Trading Commission on Climate-Related Financial Risk
- a16z crypto's Comment to Secretariat to the Financial Stability Board Bank for International Settlements on Financial Stability Board, International Regulation of Crypto-asset Activities (12.15.22)
- a16z crypto's Comment to the U.S. Department of Commerce on Developing a Framework on Competitiveness of Digital Asset Technologies
- a16z crypto's Response to the UK's HMT Crypto Consultation - April 2023
- a16z Crypto/OpenSea IRS Comment Letter
- a16z Crypto’s Comment on SEC Exchange Act Proposal, Part 1
- a16z Crypto’s Comment on SEC Exchange Act Proposal, Part 2
- a16z crypto’s Response to the Department of Treasury’s Request for Comment
- Achieving Crypto Privacy and Regulatory Compliance
- Addressing the Regulatory Gap for Individual (Retail) Crypto Investors
- Airdrops: Safe, legal, frequent
- Amicus Brief in Support of Beba and DeFi Education Fund
- Amicus Brief re: Tornado Cash Lawsuit - May 2023
- An important bill that helps our industry: Why it matters, and what you can do
- Analogies, the Big Picture, and Considerations for Regulating Crypto
- Andreessen Horowitz Response to Treasury RFC (8.8.22)
- Anyone can get debanked. DeFi is a critical safety net.
- Blockchain innovation will put an AI-powered internet back into users' hands
- Blockchain's two cultures: The computer vs. the casino
- Case studies for “Grading recent actions: How the SEC, CFTC, and the courts measure up”
- CFTC Chairman Christopher Giancarlo on Regulating Crypto
- Clear rules for stablecoins and the road ahead
- Comment Letter re: Regulation Best Execution
- Comment letter: Regarding convertible virtual currency mixing
- Comment Letter: Safeguarding Advisory Client Assets - May 2023
- Comment on IRS's Draft Form 1099-DA 7
- Comment to the Office of Science and Technology Policy on Digital Assets Research and Development (3.3.23)
- Considerations for the Regulation of Algorithmic Stablecoins
- Crime and crypto: Concrete steps to address money laundering
- Crypto & The Infrastructure Bill — Fact Sheet
- Crypto has become a key political issue
- Crypto News & Regulatory Roundup: December 16, 2022 - January 13, 2023
- Crypto News & Regulatory Roundup: January 13, 2023 – February 03, 2023
- Crypto News & Regulatory Roundup: November 19 – December 16, 2022
- Crypto News & Regulatory Roundup: November 9-18, 2022
- Crypto news & regulatory update: April 19 – May 5, 2024
- Crypto news & regulatory update: April 5 – April 19, 2024
- Crypto news & regulatory update: April 7, 2023 – April 28, 2023
- Crypto news & regulatory update: August 12 – September 13, 2024
- Crypto news & regulatory update: August 18 - September 1, 2023
- Crypto news & regulatory update: December 20, 2024 – January 17, 2025
- Crypto news & regulatory update: December 23, 2023 – January 12, 2024
- Crypto news & regulatory update: December 4 – 22, 2023
- Crypto news & regulatory update: February 03, 2023 – February 28, 2023
- Crypto news & regulatory update: February 14 – February 28, 2025
- Crypto news & regulatory update: February 28 – March 14, 2025
- Crypto news & regulatory update: February 28, 2023 – March 17, 2023
- Crypto news & regulatory update: February 9 – March 1, 2024
- Crypto news & regulatory update: January 12 – February 9, 2024
- Crypto news & regulatory update: January 17 – January 31, 2025
- Crypto news & regulatory update: January 31 – February 14, 2025
- Crypto news & regulatory update: June 21 – August 12, 2024
- Crypto news & regulatory update: March 1 – March 15, 2024
- Crypto news & regulatory update: March 14 – 28, 2025
- Crypto news & regulatory update: March 15 – April 5, 2024
- Crypto news & regulatory update: March 17, 2023 – April 7, 2023
- Crypto news & regulatory update: May 20 – June 21, 2024
- Crypto news & regulatory update: May 5 – May 20, 2024
- Crypto news & regulatory update: November 20 - December 4, 2023
- Crypto news & regulatory update: November 22 – December 20, 2024
- Crypto news & regulatory update: November 5 – 22, 2024
- Crypto news & regulatory update: October 2 - 23, 2023
- Crypto news & regulatory update: October 23 – November 20, 2023
- Crypto news & regulatory update: October 4 – November 4, 2024
- Crypto news & regulatory update: September 13 – October 4, 2024
- Crypto news and regulatory update: April 28, 2023 – May 16, 2023
- Crypto news and regulatory update: July 14, 2023 – July 28, 2023
- Crypto news and regulatory update: July 28 - August 18, 2023
- Crypto news and regulatory update: June 7, 2023 – July 14, 2023
- Crypto news and regulatory update: May 16, 2023 – June 6, 2023
- Crypto news and regulatory update: September 1 - 15, 2023
- Crypto news and regulatory update: September 15 - 29, 2023
- Crypto Regulatory Roundup: October 18 – November 9, 2022
- Crypto Regulatory Roundup: September 27 – October 17, 2022
- Crypto, Beyond Silk Road
- Debanking exposed
- Debanking: What you need to know
- Decentralized Finance: What It Is, Why It Matters
- Deep Dive on Decentralization
- DeFi Gives Financial Privacy — Will Regulation Take It Away?
- Defining decentralization: It comes down to control
- Embracing new tech policy can propel the UK forward
- End the era of mass financial surveillance
- Factors of decentralization of web3 protocols: Tools for planning greater decentralization
- Forget antitrust, regulate to let tech disrupt itself
- GENIUS becomes law: What it took to pass the first rules for stablecoins in the U.S.
- Grading recent actions: How the SEC, CFTC, and the courts measure up
- Holding the future: Custody principles for a tokenized world
- How bad policy favors memes over matter
- How the U.S. can benefit from effective crypto tax policy
- How to bring airdrops home [newsletter]
- In Defense of Stablecoins
- IOSCO Crypto and Digital Asset Markets Consultation Response
- It’s time to bring assets onchain
- It’s time to move crypto from chaos to order
- Joint Amicus Brief re: SEC v. Coinbase
- Kik and the SEC: What’s Going On and What Does It Mean for Crypto?
- Let staking flourish in the U.S.
- Markets need rules, and crypto is no different
- Modernizing markets for a tokenized future: Principles for tokenized securities and broker-dealers
- Mutability in Crypto and Recent Moves by the SEC
- Newsletter: Election special: When democracy goes onchain
- On AI & personhood credentials: a new paper
- On building a crypto capital [newsletter]
- On Crypto and Its Implications for American Technology Innovation
- On Startups, Platforms, and Innovation
- Our Proposals to the Senate Banking Committee
- Policy Principles
- Prediction for the New Year: A Web3 Midterm
- Prediction markets and beyond
- Privacy-Protecting Regulatory Solutions Using Zero-Knowledge Proofs: Full Paper
- Progressive decentralization
- Reading Between the Lines: SEC, Telegram, and Rule 144
- Regulate Web3 Apps, Not Protocols
- Regulate Web3 Apps, Not Protocols Part II: Framework for Regulating Web3 Apps
- Regulate Web3 Apps, Not Protocols Part III: The Web3 DAO Dilemma
- Regulate Web3 Apps, Not Protocols Part IV: Practical Application
- Regulatory update: Fed withdraws bank crypto guidance, Oregon sues Coinbase, SEC roundtable
- Regulatory update: GENIUS & CLARITY Acts, SEC on staking, 401(k) guidance, and more
- Regulatory update: Stablecoin bill negotiations, banks get crypto clarity, market structure draft bill release
- Regulatory update: Trump signs CRA, STABLE bill moves, SEC on stablecoins
- Regulatory update: White House digital asset report, SEC on 'Project Crypto' and liquid staking, and more
- Response to the Senate Banking Committee digital asset market structure request for information
- Rethinking SEC rulemaking: Why crypto needs its own rules
- SEC RFI: A Control-Based Decentralization Framework for Securities Laws
- SEC RFI: Comments on broker-dealer capital & recordkeeping requirements for crypto assets
- SEC RFI: Comments on Public Offerings and Safe Harbor from Registration
- SEC RFI: Comments on tokenized securities
- SEC RFI: Creating a Safe Harbor and Crowdfunding Regime for Collectible Tokens (NFTs)
- SEC RFI: On the Custody of Crypto Assets
- SEC RFI: Safe harbor for certain airdrops & incentive-based rewards of network tokens
- SEC Safe Harbor Proposal for Blockchain Apps: Exempting DeFi and NFT Interfaces from Broker Registration
- Shareholders vs. Stakeholders? No: Customers
- Should the United States implement a Bitcoin strategic reserve?
- Stablecoins, Stability, and Financial Inclusion
- State of Crypto 2023: Spotlight on crypto policy
- The CLARITY Act – Why it matters, what to know, and what to do
- The DOJ shifts digital assets prosecution priorities
- The DUNA: An Oasis For DAOs
- Tornado Cash Amicus Brief in Eleventh Circuit
- U.S. as the crypto capital: What it would take
- What regulators can learn from the aftermath of the Titanic
- What the election means for crypto
- Who Will Control the Software That Powers the Internet?
- Why a16z Opposes Secretary Mnuchin’s FinCEN Midnight Crypto Rulemaking
- Why decentralization matters, and needs incentives
- Why Ethereum ETPs (vs. ETFs) are so significant, & more FAQs
- Why the Department of Justice’s actions against DeFi are a wreck
- Why we need decentralized stablecoins
policy & regulation
- 17 misconceptions about SNARKs (and why they hold us back)
- 6 decentralized governance trends for 2025
- 8 reasons why blockchain mechanism design is hard
- A look down Ethereum’s roadmap: The cases for FOCIL and multi-proposer schemes
- A new era in SNARK design: Releasing Jolt
- A new NFT launch strategy: The wave mint
- A novel approach to proof-of-replication via polynomial evaluation
- A Novel Framework for Reputation-Based Systems
- A Survey of Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Blockchain Designs
- A technical FAQ on Lasso, Jolt, and recent advancements in SNARK design
- ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security 2022: Field Notes
- Adaptivity and Asynchrony in Distributed Key Generation
- Advanced security for SNARKs: A survey
- AI and innovation
- Algorithmic contract theory and contractible contracts
- Algorithms for fair, manipulation-robust, and transparent sortition
- All About That Gas
- An Evolution of Models for Zero-Knowledge Proofs
- Anonymous Credentials and Decentralizing ID Systems
- Approaching the 'lookup singularity': Introducing Lasso and Jolt
- Arbitrage Extractable Value
- Asiacrypt ‘22: Field Notes
- Auction Design for web3
- Automated market making and arbitrage profits in the presence of fees
- Best of Real World Crypto 2025: Field notes
- Beyond 51% attacks: Precisely characterizing blockchain achievable resilience
- Beyond ZK: Next Steps for Compliance and Constrained Encryption on Blockchains
- Blockchain Incentives and Authentication
- Blockchain performance, demystified
- BlockSTM: Scaling Blockchain Execution
- BLS Multi-Signatures for Blockchain Applications
- Boosting Lasso+Jolt through faster commitments – with far-reaching consequences
- Bringing Decentralized Governance to Tech Platforms
- Byzantine Fault Tolerance with Dynamic Participation
- CESC ‘22: Field Notes from the Zero Knowledge Workshop
- Checks and balances: Machine learning and zero-knowledge proofs
- Configurable Asset Privacy and Proof-Carrying Disclosures
- Congestion pricing: Economics, theory, reality
- Consensus Based on Proofs of Space and Time
- Consensus Canon
- Consensus in blockchains: Overview and recent results
- Correcting some SNARK misconceptions
- Credible Auctions: A Trilemma
- Crypto Glossary: Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain
- Cryptoeconomic Security for Data Availability Committees
- Cryptoeconomics - an excerpt
- DAG Meets BFT: The Next Generation of BFT Consensus
- DAO research: A roadmap for experimenting with governance
- Data availability sampling and danksharding: An overview and a proposal for improvements
- De-Anonymization in Bitcoin
- Designing reward systems for web3 governance
- Digital Signatures for web3
- Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG)-Based Consensus Protocols: An Introduction
- Disintegrating searchers and builders
- Distributed Data Storage, DAS, and Danksharding
- Distributed Randomness Beacons
- Distributed randomness using weighted VRFs
- Does your blockchain need multidimensional fees?
- EigenLayr: Permissionless Feature Addition to Ethereum
- Exponent-VRFs and their applications
- FAQ on Jolt’s initial implementation
- Field Notes: Devcon3 — Ethereum Developer’s Conference
- Formal methods for zero knowledge circuits
- Foundations of Transaction Fee Mechanism Design
- Frosty: Bringing strong liveness guarantees to the Snow family of consensus protocols
- Getting the bugs out of SNARKs: The road ahead
- Grassroots Cryptocurrencies: A Foundation for a Digital Economy
- He-HTLC: Revisiting Incentives in Hashed Time-Locked Contracts
- High-frequency trading and the design of financial markets
- Holdup, innovation, and platform governance
- How to Build Robust Payment Channel Networks
- HyperNova: Toward practical zero-knowledge virtual machines
- Interchain Timestamping for Interchain Security
- Introducing our summer '23 research seminars
- Introducing Twist and Shout: Next-generation memory checking for zkVMs and more
- Introduction to Consensus (Part I)
- Introduction to Consensus (Part II)
- Introduction to Selfish Mining
- Introduction to Validating Bridges and Layer-2 Protocols
- Introduction to Verifiable Delay Functions (VDFs)
- It's All about Trust
- Jolt, zkVMs, and speeding up blockchains
- Key distribution on blockchains: The case for registration-based encryption
- Lasso in a nutshell
- Lasso, Jolt, and the Lookup Singularity, Part I
- Lasso, Jolt, and the Lookup Singularity, Part II
- Leader Election from Randomness Beacons and Other Strategies
- Limits on Revocable Proof Systems
- Liquid democracy in the wild
- Liquidity Provision and Automated Market Making
- Local fee markets
- Long-range Attacks on Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Blockchains
- LVR in a minute with Tim Roughgarden
- LVR: Quantifying the Cost of Providing Liquidity to Automated Market Makers
- Manipulated signals in DePIN protocols
- Manipulating leader selection in BFT protocols
- Mechanism Design 101
- Mechanism design for stake weighted QOS
- Mechanisms to Infer the Wisdom of the Crowd
- MEV explained
- MiniCast: Minimizing the communication complexity of reliable broadcast
- Multi-Dimensional Blockchain Resource Pricing
- Multidimensional TFM design
- Network Effects, Moats, & the Business of web3
- New paper alert: Atomic and fair data exchange via blockchain
- New paper alert: Naysayer proofs
- New paper alert: “Transaction Fee Mechanism Design with Active Block Producers”
- Oblivious RAM: From Theory to Large-Scale Real-World Deployment
- Of data availability & danksharding
- On the impossibility of stateless blockchains
- On the limits of encrypted mempools
- One Dollar, Many Flavors: Inferring Preferences for Stablecoins
- Optimal flexible consensus and its application to Ethereum
- Patents, Intellectual Property and the Rise of the Rent-Seeking Society
- Permissionless consensus
- Perpetual encryption
- Politics transformed? Electoral competition under ranked choice voting
- PoS Blockchains - Designs, Consensus, Attacks
- Post-Quantum Single Secret Leader Election
- Pricing control and marketplace design
- Products and Protocol
- Proposer-Builder Separation, payment for order flows, and centralization in blockchain
- Proving as Fast as Computing - Part 1
- Proving as Fast as Computing - Part 2
- Public Randomness and Randomness Beacons
- Recent latest message driven GHOST
- Redistributive Allocation Mechanisms
- Revisiting accepted wisdom in SNARK design
- SBC 22: Field Notes From Science of Blockchain 2022
- Scaling Avalanche with Subnets and Specialized VMs
- Science of Blockchain Conference ‘24: Field notes
- Secure Smart Contract Development
- Shoal: Improving DAG-BFT latency and robustness
- SNARK Design Part III
- SNARK Design, Part I
- SNARK Design, Part II
- SNARK Security and Performance
- Strategic Behavior in Cryptocurrency Protocols
- Sui Lutris: Combining broadcast and consensus in a production blockchain
- Tackling pain-points with optimistic rollups
- The Blocklace: A Partially-Ordered Generalization of the Blockchain
- The cryptoeconomics of slashing
- The Economics of Cryptocurrency Mining
- The effects of retroactive rewards on participating in online governance
- The Effects of Retroactive Rewards on Participating in Online Governance
- The Evolution of Decentralized Governance
- The journey from academic research to industry deployment of cryptography
- The lookup singularity
- The past, present, and future of threshold Schnorr signatures
- The path to secure and efficient zkVMs: How to track progress
- The problem with slashing or majority rewards
- The Value of Decentralization Using the Blockchain: An Economic Analysis
- The web3 governance lab: Using DAOs to study political institutions and behavior at scale
- Theory of Cryptography Conference ‘22: Field Notes
- Threshold ECDSA in 3 rounds
- Top Tech Topics, Explained
- Toward succinct proofs of solvency
- Transaction fee mechanism design with active block producers
- Trusted execution environments (TEEs) for blockchain applications
- Twilight: A Differentially Private Payment Channel Network
- Understanding Jolt: Clarifications and reflections
- Using on-chain voting for information aggregation
- Vampire attacks: A theory (and thread) on 'blood sucking' platform competition
- Verifiable delay functions
- What happens when anyone can be your representative? Testing liquid democracy in web3
- Why blockchain performance is hard to measure
- Workshop on rollup sequencer economics: open questions, organized
- Workshop on Rollup Sequencer Economics: Open Questions, organized
- Zero Knowledge Summit (zkSummit) 2024: Field notes
- zkLogin: Onboarding the next billion users to web3
- ‘Accountable liveness’: New paper alert
research
- 16 insights from New York Times bestseller Read Write Own
- 2023 State of Crypto Report: Introducing the State of Crypto Index
- 22 Top Pieces from 2022
- 3 Common Myths People Have About Crypto (1 of 3)
- 4 Eras of Blockchain Computing: Degrees of Composability
- 5 charts that explain crypto right now
- 5 charts that explain crypto right now [newsletter]
- 5 charts that explain crypto right now [podcast]
- 5 ways you/ your company can use NFTs
- 6 phishing schemes to watch out for
- 6 use cases for Decentralized Physical Infrastructure (DePIN)
- 7 Big Ideas for 2025 (and more trends to watch) [newsletter]
- 7 Essential Ingredients of a Metaverse
- 7 Trends in Blockchain Computing
- A Conversation: What’s Next in Web3 Games?
- A few common ways new technologies can be misunderstood
- A few of the things we’re excited about in crypto (2023)
- A few of the things we’re excited about in crypto (2024)
- A few of the things we’re excited about in crypto (2025)
- A Guide to DeSci, the Latest Web3 Movement
- A guide to stablecoins: What, why, and how
- A new playbook for TradFi [newsletter]
- a16z Podcast: The Five Stages of Bitcoin — Disdain, Dismissal, Curiosity, Oh F**k!, and Acceptance
- AI bots & memecoins
- AI vs. ID: Proof of human in a world of agents, bots, deep fakes, more
- AI x crypto
- AI x crypto crossovers
- All the stablecoin news: Stripe, Visa, Coinbase, Circle, more
- An Intro to Crypto: Decentralization, the Big Picture
- Are stablecoins money’s WhatsApp moment? [newsletter]
- Art and Awe in the Age of Machine Intelligence
- Art, Authenticity, and Anarchy
- Best of 2024: Popular pieces and themes
- Beyond Bitcoin: The Blockchain
- Big Tech killed the internet — blockchains can help revive it.
- Blockchain & internet glossary (A–Z): Key terms from Read Write Own
- Blockchains / Crypto / web3
- Blockchains and performance
- Blockchains are the new app stores
- Blockspace: What Comes After PCs, Broadband, and Smartphones
- Books for crypto builders and beyond (2022)
- Books for crypto builders and beyond (2023)
- Books, shows, apps: Some recommendations for winter 2023
- Bridges: Out of the mess, into the meshnet (with LayerZero)
- Cheat codes for creating legendary videogames: gl hf dd
- Collected web3 twitter threads
- Composability is Innovation
- Composability is to software as compounding interest is to finance
- Crypto and the Evolution of Open Source
- Cryptonetworks and Cities: Analogies
- Cryptonetworks and Decentralization: Building Blocks
- Crypto’s Business Model is Familiar. What Isn't is Who Benefits
- DAOs, A Canon
- Decentralization for Defense
- Decentralized Creativity & Collaboration
- Decentralized energy: A reading list of resources
- Decentralized Identity: Your Reputation Travels With You
- Decentralized Speed: Advances in Zero Knowledge Proofs
- Defining tokens
- Designing Internet-Native Economies: A Guide to Crypto Tokens
- Doing Old Things Better Vs. Doing Brand New Things
- Don’t trust, verify: An introduction to light clients
- Embrace and extend
- Everything stablecoins: Big picture, deep dive
- Exploring Architectures for Blockchain Scalability
- Five Charts That Tell the Story of 2020 in Crypto
- Five Open Problems for the Blockchain Computer
- Fixing the economics of being a creator
- Forget what you know about crypto: The next era of internet innovation is here (placed in Washington Post)
- Fundraising and Deal Structure
- Games as reality (with EVE Online)
- Gear, gadgets, gifts: What we're gifting this holiday season 2024
- Governance Attack!?
- Government... by lottery?
- Hiring? Here are 10 pitfalls to avoid [newsletter]
- How NFT royalties work: Designs, challenges, and new ideas
- How open lost to closed in web2
- How the Coming Privacy Layer Will Fix the Broken Web
- How to protect yourself after a personal data breach: 5 steps
- How web3 data portability reduces the power of centralized services
- Incomplete Contracts (and Scaling Crypto)
- Introducing the 2022 State of Crypto Report
- It's time to take back the internet (placed in New York Times)
- Mainstreaming NFTs: Use Cases, Art, More
- Mental Models for Navigating Crypto Markets & Cycles
- Metaverse Land: What Makes Digital Real Estate Valuable
- Methods to the Madness
- MEV, explained: what it is, what to do about it [newsletter]
- Minimum Viable Participation in Crypto: Games, Costs, & Accessibility
- Monetization for Gamers in the New Cryptoeconomy
- Money, power, politics, and the internet's next battleground
- Network tokens vs. company-backed tokens
- New year's breathing exercise
- Newsletter: Decentralize AI or only big tech wins; ETP vs. ETF; defend, play, trust
- Newsletter: Decisions and power: In politics, business, law, and more
- Newsletter: Defining your brand story, other tips and trends
- Newsletter: Holiday shopping inspiration, prediction markets, Jolt updates
- Newsletter: How to recruit talent; the unhosted wallet rule; and an attack, maybe
- Newsletter: On seizing the moment in crypto: Thoughts on the evolving regulatory environment, stablecoins, and Ethereum's future
- Newsletter: Why, what, and how we read; compensating creators; more
- NFT Canon
- NFTs and a Thousand True Fans
- NFTs and ownership
- On promoting healthspan and quality of life
- Past, Present, Future: From Co-ops to Cryptonetworks
- Product cycles vs financial cycles
- Puzzles (& crypto)… with bonus puzzle!
- Quantum computing: What, when, where, how
- Read Write Own: A new era
- Resources from a16z for Understanding Crypto
- Secrets and how to prove them: A magician’s guide to zero-knowledge proofs
- Securing and Evolving NFTs
- Seven types of NFTs
- Social Networking in 2030: How Could Crypto Change Things?
- Software-Related Forum Posts Through the Years (and the 10th Anniversary of the Bitcoin Whitepaper)
- Some books we're reading this summer 2024
- Some books we're reading this summer 2025
- Some books we're reading this winter 2024
- Some books we’re reading (and games we’re playing) this summer 2023
- Some books we’re reading (and games we’re playing) this winter 2022
- Stablecoins are having a moment. Here's why. [newsletter]
- Stablecoins: A 1+ billion-user onboarding opportunity
- Stablecoins: Payments without intermediaries
- State of Crypto 2024: Behind the scenes on stablecoins, AI, builder energy, more
- State of Crypto: Trends, data, more
- Taking Crypto Beyond Volatility: Stablecoins
- Talking trends 2025 (part 2): AI x crypto
- The Architecture of Crypto Innovation
- The Art of Technology, the Technology of Art
- The Crypto Price-Innovation Cycle
- The four horsemen of centralization
- The Long-Tail Problem in AI, and How Autonomous Markets Can Solve It
- The Metaverse, Crypto, Virtual Society
- The month fintechs embraced stablecoins
- The myth of "ETH killers"
- The power of community-owned characters and decentralized media
- The problem with debanking [newsletter]
- The Rise of Crypto is Leading to a Safer Internet
- The story of the internet, emergent networks, and their effects
- Tokenology: Moving beyond ‘tokenomics’
- Tokens: A New Digital Primitive
- Towards a Decentralized Storage Network for the Blockchain Computer
- Toys, Secrets, and Cycles: Lessons from the 2000s
- Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs): A primer
- Usability / monetization death spirals
- Virtual Society, Blockchains, and The Metaverse
- Watch: 11 ideas for AI x crypto
- Web 3.0 and the Future of Trust
- web3 critics misunderstand decentralization
- web3 with a16z, a show about the next internet
- What Are Blockchains: Computers That Can Make Commitments
- What comes after open source?
- What Stripe’s acquisition of Bridge means for fintech and stablecoins
- What The Merge Means
- What we're reading & technology changing reading
- What we're reading, how we're reading, why we read
- What’s Next for the Internet?
- What’s next in web3
- When to flip the fee switch [newsletter]
- Where AI x crypto converge
- Why blockchains need privacy
- Why Creator Tokens Will Precede Community Tokens
- Why decentralization matters
- Why DePIN matters [newsletter]
- Why NFT Creators Are Going cc0
- Why Web3 Matters
- Year in review: Top pieces and themes of 2024 (plus book picks and more) [newsletter]