This is the year the world came onchain.
When we launched our first State of Crypto report, the industry was still in its adolescence. The total crypto market was worth about half what it is today. Blockchains were much slower, more expensive, and le
Each year, the State of Crypto report from a16z crypto cuts through the noise and tracks crypto’s evolution across markets, technology, policy, and culture.
Now in its fourth edition, the 2025 State of Crypto report reveals how crypto has gone ma
Building on his overview of how to design incentive structures when the network of validators incurs a social cost, Abdou Ndiaye (NYU) examines relative pricing of blockchain resources and highlights the role of various elasticities. Abdou discusses needed adjustments to Ethereum’s EIP-1559 transaction fee mechanism. He also presents new ideas on the economics of storage on blockchains, and execution mechanisms to limit congestion.
Abdou is an Assistant Professor of Economics at New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business, and a Research Affiliate at the Centre for Economic Policy Research. His research focuses on the impact of incentives in macroeconomic environments. He investigates issues related to public finance and the emerging areas of blockchains and decentralized finance.
About a16z crypto research
a16z crypto research is a multidisciplinary lab that works closely with our portfolio companies and others toward solving the important problems in the space, and toward advancing the science and technology of the next generation of the internet.